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Changes: Pandoran Alphabet and Pronunciation

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The tables below illustrate the Skaran alphabet and pronunciation thereof.
 +
The tables below illustrate the Skaran alphabet as well as the evolution and pronunciation thereof.
   
−
==Skaran Latin alphabet==
 +
==Skaran alphabet==
 
{| class="wikitable"
  
{| class="wikitable"
  +
! colspan="25" | <center>Monographs and monophthongs</center>
−
| A || B || C || D <sub>(DU)</sub> || E || F || G <sub>(GU)</sub> || H || I || K <sub>(Χ, KU)</sub> || L || M || N || O <sub>(Ω)</sub> || P <sub>(Φ)</sub> || R || S <sub>(SH, SU)</sub> || T <sub>(Θ)</sub> || U || KS || Z
  
  ⚫
|-
  +
| A || B || Γ<ref>Supplanted (c) as the monograph /g/.</ref><ref>(Γ, Θ, Υ, Z, Φ, Χ, Ψ, Ω) are Greek derivations.</ref> || D || E || F || H || Θ || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || T || Υ || U || KS || Z || style="color: red" | Φ<ref>(Φ, Χ) aren’t present in modern Skaran due to their respective sound mergers with (f) and (c, ks).</ref> || style="color: red" | Χ || Ω
  ⚫
|-
  +
! colspan="25" | <center>Digraphs and diphthongs</center>
  ⚫
|-
  +
| Ai || Aυ || style="color: green" | C<ref>(C) as a digraph and (sh) are Italian derivations and only present in modern Skaran.</ref> || Du || Eυ || Gu || Ku || Ψ || Oi || style="color: green" | Sh || Su || Υi
  ⚫
|-
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
==Skaran Latin IPA==
 +
==Skaran IPA==
 
{| class="wikitable"
  
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
  
|-
−
! colspan="6" | Consonants <ref name="geminated">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemination Geminated] (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for {{IPA|/jj/}} and {{IPA|/ww/}}: ''anus'' {{IPA|/ˈa.nʊs/}}, ''annus'' {{IPA|/ˈan.nʊs/}}. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: {{IPA|/nn/}} or {{IPA|/nː/}}.</ref>
 +
! colspan="6" | Consonants <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemination Geminate] (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for /jj/ and /ww/: ''anυs'' /ˈa.nʊs/, ''annυs'' /ˈan.nʊs/. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: /nn/ or /nː/.</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
! rowspan="2" | Letter(s)
  
! rowspan="2" | Letter(s)
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! Phonemic notation !! Phonetic notation
  
! Phonemic notation !! Phonetic notation
 
|-
  
|-
−
| b || in all cases || /b/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop b] || '''B'''rútus || '''b'''uoy
 +
| b || in all cases || /b/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop b] || '''B'''rύtυs || '''b'''uoy
 
|-
  
|-
−
| c<ref name="Italian-derived">These (c, sh) are derived from Italian.</ref><ref name="Phonemic-matching">These (tʃ, ɛ, ŋ, ɪ, ɔ, ʀ, ʃ, ʊ) appear as (ch, e, g, i, o, r, sh, u) in Furcadia character descriptions.</ref> || in all cases || /ch/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate tʃ] || '''c'''iao || '''ch'''in
 +
| rowspan="2" | γ || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /g/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop g] || '''γ'''ravis || '''g'''ear
  ⚫
|-
  ⚫
| before /n/ || [ŋ] || i'''γ'''nis || i'''g'''neous
  +
|-
  ⚫
| γu || before a vowel || /gᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Labialized_voiced_velar_plosive.ogg gw] || lin'''γu'''a || '''Gw'''en
  +
|-
  +
| c<ref>These (tʃ, ɛ, ŋ, ɪ, ɔ, ʀ, ʃ, υ) appear as (ch, e, g, i, o, r, sh, u) in Furcadia character descriptions.</ref> || in all cases || /ch/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate tʃ] || '''c'''iao || '''ch'''in
 
|-
  
|-
 
| d || in all cases || /d/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar d] || '''d'''ekem || '''d'''eck
  
| d || in all cases || /d/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar d] || '''d'''ekem || '''d'''eck
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|-
  
|-
 
| f || in all cases || /f/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative f] || '''f'''akio || '''f'''an
  
| f || in all cases || /f/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative f] || '''f'''akio || '''f'''an
⚫
|-
  
⚫
| rowspan="2" | g || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /g/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop g] || '''g'''ravis || '''g'''ear
  
⚫
|-
  
⚫
| before /n/ || [ŋ] || i'''g'''nis || i'''g'''neous
  
⚫
|-
  
⚫
| gu || before a vowel || /gᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Labialized_voiced_velar_plosive.ogg gw] || lin'''gu'''a || '''Gw'''en
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| h || in all cases || /h/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative h] || '''h'''abeo || '''h'''er
  
| h || in all cases || /h/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative h] || '''h'''abeo || '''h'''er
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| rowspan="2" | θ || style="color: red" | aspirated || /tʰ/ || rowspan="2" | [th] || rowspan="2" | Promé''th'''eύs || style="color: red" | '''t'''ar
−
| i || in all cases || /j/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant#Palatal j] || '''i'''ús || '''y'''odel
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| fricative || /θ/ || '''th'''ong
−
| k || velar || /k/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k] || '''k'''aput || s'''c'''ar
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| || aspirated<ref name="Greek-derived">The aspirated consonants (χ, φ, θ), (ω), and (z) are Greek derivations.</ref> || /kʰ/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant kh] || '''χ'''arta || '''c'''ar
 +
| i || in all cases || /j/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximant#Palatal j] || '''i'''ύs || '''y'''odel
  +
|-
  ⚫
| k || velar || /k/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop k] || '''k'''apυt || s'''c'''ar
 
|-
  
|-
 
| ku || digraph || /kᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Labialized_voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg kw] || '''ku'''í (nom.) || '''qu'''est
  
| ku || digraph || /kᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Labialized_voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg kw] || '''ku'''í (nom.) || '''qu'''est
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| rowspan="2" | l || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /l/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants l] || '''l'''oka || '''l'''eave
  
| rowspan="2" | l || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /l/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants l] || '''l'''oka || '''l'''eave
 
|-
  
|-
−
| doubled<ref>Appears as (ll) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref> || [ɫ] || mu'''l'''ta || a'''ll'''
 +
| doubled<ref>Appears as (ll) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref> || [ɫ] || mυ'''l'''ta || a'''ll'''
 
|-
  
|-
−
| m || in all cases || /m/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal m] || '''m'''anus || '''m'''an
 +
| m || in all cases || /m/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasal m] || '''m'''anυs || '''m'''an
 
|-
  
|-
 
| n || in all cases || /n/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar n] || '''n'''oster || '''n'''ext
  
| n || in all cases || /n/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals#Alveolar n] || '''n'''oster || '''n'''ext
 
|-
  
|-
 
| p || bilabial || /p/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop p] || '''p'''aks || s'''p'''an
  
| p || bilabial || /p/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop p] || '''p'''aks || s'''p'''an
⚫
|-
  
⚫
| φ || aspirated || /pʰ/ || [ph] || '''φ'''aretra || '''p'''ar
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| rowspan="2" | r || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /r/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_flaps r] || d'''r'''akω || d'''r'''agon
  
| rowspan="2" | r || in most cases || rowspan="2" | /r/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_flaps r] || d'''r'''akω || d'''r'''agon
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| word-initially<br />after /g, n, s/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills ʀ] || '''r'''egio || '''r'''un, but trilled
  
| word-initially<br />after /g, n, s/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills ʀ] || '''r'''egio || '''r'''un, but trilled
 
|-
  
|-
−
| s || in all cases || /s/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant s] || '''s'''um || '''s'''end
 +
| s || in all cases || /s/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant s] || '''s'''υm || '''s'''end
 
|-
  
|-
 
| sh || in all cases || /sh/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant ʃ] || fa'''sc'''e || '''sh'''y
  
| sh || in all cases || /sh/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant ʃ] || fa'''sc'''e || '''sh'''y
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| su || digraph || /sᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Labialized_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant1.ogg sw] || '''Su'''étωnia || '''sw'''ear
  
| su || digraph || /sᶣ/ || [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Labialized_voiceless_alveolar_sibilant1.ogg sw] || '''Su'''étωnia || '''sw'''ear
 
|-
  
|-
−
| t || alveolar || /t/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t] || '''t'''abula || S'''t'''an
 +
| t || alveolar || /t/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops#Alveolar t] || '''t'''abυla || S'''t'''an
 
|-
  
|-
−
| θ || aspirated || /tʰ/ || [th] || '''θ'''alama || '''t'''ar
 +
| u || in all cases || /w/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant w] || '''u'''erbυm || '''w'''est
⚫
|-
  
−
| u || in all cases || /w/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant w] || '''u'''erbum || '''w'''est
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| ks || in all cases || /ks/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative ks] || ni'''ks''' || o'''x'''
  
| ks || in all cases || /ks/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative ks] || ni'''ks''' || o'''x'''
 
|-
  
|-
−
| z || in all cases || /z/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant z] || '''z'''élus || '''z'''est
 +
| z || in all cases || /z/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant z] || '''z'''élυs || '''z'''est
  +
|-
  +
| style="color: red" | φ || style="color: red" | aspirated || style="color: red" | /pʰ/ || style="color: red" | [ph] || style="color: red" | style="color: red" | ''φ'''aretra || style="color: red" | '''p'''ar
  +
|-
  +
| style="color: red" | χ || style="color: red" | aspirated || style="color: red" | /kʰ/ || style="color: red" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant kh] || style="color: red" | '''χ'''arta || style="color: red" | '''c'''ar
  +
|-
  ⚫
| ψ || digraph || /ps/ || [ps] || '''ψ'''aikí || la'''ps'''e
 
|}
  
|}
   
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| a || /a/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a] || '''a'''nima || h'''a'''t {{wpl|Received Pronunciation}} (RP)
  
| a || /a/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel a] || '''a'''nima || h'''a'''t {{wpl|Received Pronunciation}} (RP)
 
|-
  
|-
−
| á || /aː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel aː]<ref name="Trailing colon">The long vowels (aː, ɛː, ɪː, ɔː, ʊː) appear as (a:, e:, i:, o:, u:) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref> || '''á'''ker || f'''a'''ther
 +
| á || /aː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel aː]<ref>The long vowels (/aː, ɛː, ɪː, ɔː, ʊː/) appear as (a:, e:, i:, o:, u:) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref> || '''á'''ker || f'''a'''ther
 
|-
  
|-
 
| e || /e/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ] || '''e'''st || m'''e'''t
  
| e || /e/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛ] || '''e'''st || m'''e'''t
 
|-
  
|-
−
| é || /eː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛː] || '''é'''lektus || m'''a'''de
 +
| é || /eː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel ɛː] || '''é'''lektυs || m'''a'''de
 
|-
  
|-
 
| i || /i/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel ɪ] || '''i'''nk'''i'''p'''i'''t || m'''i'''t
  
| i || /i/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel ɪ] || '''i'''nk'''i'''p'''i'''t || m'''i'''t
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| ω || /oː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel ɔː] || daim'''ω'''n || c'''o'''de
  
| ω || /oː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel ɔː] || daim'''ω'''n || c'''o'''de
 
|-
  
|-
−
| u || /u/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ] || '''u'''rbs || p'''u'''t
 +
| υ || /u/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel ʊ] || '''υ'''rbs || p'''u'''t
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ú || /uː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel ʊː] || l'''ú'''na || m'''oo'''n
 +
| ύ || /uː/ || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel ʊː] || l'''ύ'''na || m'''oo'''n
 
|-
  
|-
−
! colspan="5" | <center>Diphthongs <ref name="Parenthetic alphabetical">These (aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ɛʊ̯, ɔɪ̯, ʊɪ̯) appear as ((ai), (au), (eu), (oi), (ui)) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref></center>
 +
! colspan="5" | <center>Diphthongs <ref>These (aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ɛʊ̯, ɔɪ̯, ʊɪ̯) appear as ((ai), (au), (eu), (oi), (ui)) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref></center>
 
|-
  
|-
 
| ai || /aɪ̯/ || [aɪ̯] || '''ai'''tás || '''eye'''
  
| ai || /aɪ̯/ || [aɪ̯] || '''ai'''tás || '''eye'''
 
|-
  
|-
−
| au || /au̯/ || [aʊ̯] || '''au'''rum || '''ow'''
 +
| aυ || /au̯/ || [aʊ̯] || '''au'''rυm || '''ow'''
 
|-
  
|-
−
| eu || /eu̯/ || [ɛʊ̯] || s'''eu''' || '''eh-oo'''
 +
| eυ || /eu̯/ || [ɛʊ̯] || s'''eυ''' || '''eh-oo'''
 
|-
  
|-
 
| oi || /oɪ̯/ || [ɔɪ̯] || p'''oi'''na || b'''oy'''
  
| oi || /oɪ̯/ || [ɔɪ̯] || p'''oi'''na || b'''oy'''
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ui || /ui̯/ || [ʊɪ̯] || k'''ui''' (dat.) || '''oo-ee'''
 +
| υi || /ui̯/ || [ʊɪ̯] || k'''υi''' (dat.) || '''oo-ee'''
 
|-
  
|-
 
! colspan="5" | <center>{{wpl|Nasal vowel}}s</center>
  
! colspan="5" | <center>{{wpl|Nasal vowel}}s</center>
Line 127: Line 138:
 
| V after (m) or (n)
  
| V after (m) or (n)
 
| /short vowel/
  
| /short vowel/
−
| [◌̃]<ref name="Hash-trailed">These (ã, ɛ̃, ɪ̃, ɔ̃, ʊ̃) appear as (a#, e#, i#, o#, u#) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
 +
| [◌̃]<ref>These (ã, ɛ̃, ɪ̃, ɔ̃, ʊ̃) appear as (a#, e#, i#, o#, u#) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
−
| '''ni'''mbus
 +
| '''ni'''mbυs
 
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
  
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
 
|-
  
|-
 
| V before word-final (m)<br>V+n before (f) or (s)
  
| V before word-final (m)<br>V+n before (f) or (s)
 
| /long vowel/
  
| /long vowel/
−
| [◌̃ː]<ref name="Semicolon-trailed">These (ãː, ɛ̃ː, ɪ̃ː, ɔ̃ː, ʊ̃ː) appear as (a;, e;, i;, o;, u;) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
 +
| [◌̃ː]<ref>These (ãː, ɛ̃ː, ɪ̃ː, ɔ̃ː, ʊ̃ː) appear as (a;, e;, i;, o;, u;) in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
−
| m'''on'''str'''um'''
 +
| m'''on'''str'''υm'''
 
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
  
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
 
|}
  
|}
Line 145: Line 156:
 
|-
  
|-
 
| <big>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics) ˈ]</big><ref>Appears as (') in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
  
| <big>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics) ˈ]</big><ref>Appears as (') in Furcadia descriptions.</ref>
−
| rowspan="2" | Gaius<br>{{IPA|/ˈɡaɪ̯.us/}}
 +
| rowspan="2" | Γaiυs<br>/ˈɡaɪ̯.ʊs/
 
| Placed before the stressed syllable.
  
| Placed before the stressed syllable.
 
|-
  
|-
Line 157: Line 168:
 
==Stress==
  
==Stress==
 
To determine stress, consider the final syllable as extra metric; then place the accent on the syllable with the penult metric mora. For example:<br />
  
To determine stress, consider the final syllable as extra metric; then place the accent on the syllable with the penult metric mora. For example:<br />
−
''Konditum'' ("founded") <ko•n—di—tum> ['kɔn.dɪ.tʊ̃ː]<br />
 +
''Konditυm'' ("founded") <ko•n—di—tum> ['kɔn.dɪ.tʊ̃ː]<br />
−
''Kondítum'' ("seasoned") <ko•n—di•i—tum> [kɔn'dɪː.tʊ̃ː]<br />
 +
''Kondítυm'' ("seasoned") <ko•n—di•i—tum> [kɔn'dɪː.tʊ̃ː]<br />
−
''Konduktum'' ("brought together") <ko•n—du•k—tum> [kɔn'dʊk.tʊ̃ː]
 +
''Kondυktυm'' ("brought together") <ko•n—du•k—tum> [kɔn'dʊk.tʊ̃ː]

Revision as of 00:07, 18 May 2017

The tables below illustrate the Skaran alphabet as well as the evolution and pronunciation thereof.

Skaran alphabet

Monographs and monophthongs
A B Γ[1][2] D E F H Θ I K L M N O P R S T Υ U KS Z Φ[3] Χ Ω
Digraphs and diphthongs
Ai Aυ C[4] Du Eυ Gu Ku Ψ Oi Sh Su Υi

Skaran IPA

Consonants [5]
Letter(s) Environment IPA Native English
Phonemic notation Phonetic notation
b in all cases /b/ b Brύtυs buoy
γ in most cases /g/ g γravis gear
before /n/ [ŋ] iγnis igneous
γu before a vowel /gᶣ/ gw linγua Gwen
c[6] in all cases /ch/ tʃ ciao chin
d in all cases /d/ d dekem deck
du digraph /du/ [dw] duonus Dwyer
f in all cases /f/ f fakio fan
h in all cases /h/ h habeo her
θ aspirated /tʰ/ [th] Prométh'eύs tar
fricative /θ/ thong
i in all cases /j/ j iύs yodel
k velar /k/ k kapυt scar
ku digraph /kᶣ/ kw kuí (nom.) quest
l in most cases /l/ l loka leave
doubled[7] [ɫ] mυlta all
m in all cases /m/ m manυs man
n in all cases /n/ n noster next
p bilabial /p/ p paks span
r in most cases /r/ r drakω dragon
word-initially
after /g, n, s/		 ʀ regio run, but trilled
s in all cases /s/ s sυm send
sh in all cases /sh/ ʃ fasce shy
su digraph /sᶣ/ sw Suétωnia swear
t alveolar /t/ t tabυla Stan
u in all cases /w/ w uerbυm west
ks in all cases /ks/ ks niks ox
z in all cases /z/ z zélυs zest
φ aspirated /pʰ/ [ph] style="color: red" | φ'aretra par
χ aspirated /kʰ/ kh χarta car
ψ digraph /ps/ [ps] ψaikí lapse
Vowels
Letter(s) IPA Salákian English
Phonemic notation Phonetic notation
Monophthongs
a /a/ a anima hat Received Pronunciation (RP)
á /aː/ aː[8] áker father
e /e/ ɛ est met
é /eː/ ɛː élektυs made
i /i/ ɪ inkipit mit
í /iː/ ɪː íra meet
o /o/ ɔ omnis lot (RP)
ω /oː/ ɔː daimωn code
υ /u/ ʊ υrbs put
ύ /uː/ ʊː lύna moon
Diphthongs [9]
ai /aɪ̯/ [aɪ̯] aitás eye
aυ /au̯/ [aʊ̯] aurυm ow
eυ /eu̯/ [ɛʊ̯] seυ eh-oo
oi /oɪ̯/ [ɔɪ̯] poina boy
υi /ui̯/ [ʊɪ̯] kυi (dat.) oo-ee
Nasal vowels
V after (m) or (n) /short vowel/ [◌̃][10] nimbυs
V before word-final (m)
V+n before (f) or (s) 		/long vowel/ [◌̃ː][11] monstrυm
Prosody
IPA Examples Info
ˈ[12] Γaiυs
/ˈɡaɪ̯.ʊs/ 		Placed before the stressed syllable.
.[13] Syllable marker, generally between vowels in hiatus

Notes

  1. ↑ Supplanted (c) as the monograph /g/.
  2. ↑ (Γ, Θ, Υ, Z, Φ, Χ, Ψ, Ω) are Greek derivations.
  3. ↑ (Φ, Χ) aren’t present in modern Skaran due to their respective sound mergers with (f) and (c, ks).
  4. ↑ (C) as a digraph and (sh) are Italian derivations and only present in modern Skaran.
  5. ↑ Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for /jj/ and /ww/: anυs /ˈa.nʊs/, annυs /ˈan.nʊs/. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: /nn/ or /nː/.
  6. ↑ These (tʃ, ɛ, ŋ, ɪ, ɔ, ʀ, ʃ, υ) appear as (ch, e, g, i, o, r, sh, u) in Furcadia character descriptions.
  7. ↑ Appears as (ll) in Furcadia descriptions.
  8. ↑ The long vowels (/aː, ɛː, ɪː, ɔː, ʊː/) appear as (a:, e:, i:, o:, u:) in Furcadia descriptions.
  9. ↑ These (aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ɛʊ̯, ɔɪ̯, ʊɪ̯) appear as ((ai), (au), (eu), (oi), (ui)) in Furcadia descriptions.
  10. ↑ These (ã, ɛ̃, ɪ̃, ɔ̃, ʊ̃) appear as (a#, e#, i#, o#, u#) in Furcadia descriptions.
  11. ↑ These (ãː, ɛ̃ː, ɪ̃ː, ɔ̃ː, ʊ̃ː) appear as (a;, e;, i;, o;, u;) in Furcadia descriptions.
  12. ↑ Appears as (') in Furcadia descriptions.
  13. ↑ Appears as (.) in Furcadia descriptions.

Stress

To determine stress, consider the final syllable as extra metric; then place the accent on the syllable with the penult metric mora. For example:
Konditυm ("founded") <ko•n—di—tum> ['kɔn.dɪ.tʊ̃ː]
Kondítυm ("seasoned") <ko•n—di•i—tum> [kɔn'dɪː.tʊ̃ː]
Kondυktυm ("brought together") <ko•n—du•k—tum> [kɔn'dʊk.tʊ̃ː]

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